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Participative Leadership and Organizational Identification in SMEs in the MENA Region: Testing the Roles of CSR Perceptions and Pride in Membership

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Abstract

The aim of this research is to explore the process linking participative leadership to organizational identification. The study examines the relationship between participative leadership and internal CSR perceptions of employees and also investigates the role that pride in membership plays in the affiliation of CSR perceptions with organizational identification. By studying these relationships, the paper aspires to contemplate new presumed mediators in the association of participative leadership with organizational identification as well as determine a possible novel antecedent of employee CSR perceptions. Empirical evidence is provided from data that was collected through a survey distributed to employees working for small- and medium-sized enterprises in three countries in the Middle East and North Africa regions, particularly the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, and Tunisia. Findings show that participative leadership leads to positive internal CSR perceptions of employees and that these CSR perceptions lead to pride in membership which, in turn, results in organizational identification. Implications of these findings are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Sophie Lythreatis & Xiaojun Wang

  2. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

    Ahmed Mohammed Sayed Mostafa

Authors
  1. Sophie Lythreatis
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  2. Ahmed Mohammed Sayed Mostafa
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  3. Xiaojun Wang
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Correspondence to Sophie Lythreatis.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Appendix

Appendix

Items used to measure participative leadership:

  1. 1.

    My supervisor encourages me to express my ideas and suggestions.

  2. 2.

    My supervisor listens to my ideas and suggestions.

  3. 3.

    My supervisor uses our suggestions to make decisions that affect us.

  4. 4.

    My supervisor gives all work members a chance to voice their opinions.

  5. 5.

    My supervisor considers my ideas when he/she disagrees with them.

  6. 6.

    My supervisor makes decisions based only on his/her ideas.

Items used to measure internal CSR perceptions:

  1. 1.

    My company closely monitors the employees’ productivity.

  2. 2.

    My company seeks to comply with all laws in hiring and giving employees benefits.

  3. 3.

    My company has programs that encourage the diversity of its workforce (in terms of age, gender, or race).

  4. 4.

    My company has internal policies that prevent discrimination in the employees’ compensation and promotion.

  5. 5.

    My company has a comprehensive code of conduct.

  6. 6.

    My company supports employees who want to acquire additional education.

  7. 7.

    My company encourages employees to join civic organizations that support the community.

  8. 8.

    My company has flexible policies which enable the employees to better coordinate work and personal life.

Items used to measure organizational identification:

  1. 1.

    When someone criticizes this company, it feels like a personal insult.

  2. 2.

    I am very interested in what others think about this company.

  3. 3.

    When I talk about this company, I usually say ‘we’ rather than ‘they’.

  4. 4.

    This company’s success is my success.

  5. 5.

    When someone praises this company, it feels like a personal compliment.

  6. 6.

    If a story in the media criticizes this company, I would feel embarrassed.

Items used to measure pride in membership:

  1. 1.

    I am proud to be part of my company.

  2. 2.

    I am proud to tell others that I work for this firm.

  3. 3.

    I am proud to identify myself personally with this firm.

  4. 4.

    I am proud when others associate me with this company.

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Lythreatis, S., Mostafa, A.M.S. & Wang, X. Participative Leadership and Organizational Identification in SMEs in the MENA Region: Testing the Roles of CSR Perceptions and Pride in Membership. J Bus Ethics 156, 635–650 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3557-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3557-8

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