The US Department of Justice has begun a criminal investigation into Uber’s use of a software tool that helped its drivers evade local transportation regulators, two sources familiar with the situation said.
Uber has acknowledged the software, known as “Greyball”, helped it identify and circumvent government officials who were trying to clamp down on Uber in areas where its service had not yet been approved, such as Portland, Oregon.
The company prohibited the use of Greyball for this purpose shortly after the New York Times revealed its existence in March, saying the program was created to check ride requests to prevent fraud and safeguard drivers.
The criminal inquiry could become a significant problem facing a company that is already facing a torrent of bad publicity – including accusations of sexual harassment and revelations of a secret “Hell” program that tracked drivers – as well as a major lawsuit brought by Google.
An Uber spokesman and the justice department declined to comment. Uber lawyers said in letters to Portland authorities, which the city made public in a report last week, that the Greyball technology was used “exceedingly sparingly” in that city, before the service was approved there in 2015.
The nature of any potential federal criminal violation, and the likelihood of anyone being charged, is unclear. The investigation is still in its early stages, the sources said.
Bloomberg news service reported the existence of a federal inquiry last week, but did not identify it as criminal.
Uber received a subpoena from a northern California grand jury seeking documents concerning how the software tool functioned and where it was deployed, one person familiar with the request said. That indicates a criminal investigation is underway. The second source confirmed that was the case.
A subpoena from a grand jury is a formal request for documents or testimony concerning a potential crime. It does not, in itself, indicate wrongdoing or mean charges will be brought.
The ride-hailing company’s board has retained an outside law firm, Shearman & Sterling, to conduct its own internal investigation into what transpired, those two sources and a third said.
A Shearman spokeswoman did not return a message seeking comment.
Uber, which was most recently valued at $68bn, has long had a reputation as an aggressive startup and has been battered with multiple controversies over the last few months that have raised questions about chief executive Travis Kalanick. In March, a video showing him arguing with his own Uber driver over the company’s treatment of drivers prompted him to publicly apologize and say that he he needed “leadership help”.
The technology at issue in the criminal investigation helped Uber tag some users so that they saw a different version of its standard app, the company said in a blog post in March.
Uber said Greyball obscured the real location of Uber cars in various circumstances, including the possibility of physical threats or merely to test new features.
The program was part of a broader Uber system, called Violation of Terms of Service, that analyzed credit card, device identification, location data and other factors to predict whether a request for a ride was legitimate, current and former employees said.
The technology was used partly to prevent fraud and protect drivers from harm, the company blog post said. If a ride request was deemed illegitimate, Uber’s app showed bogus information and the requester would not be picked up, the employees told Reuters.
However, the Greyball technique was also used against suspected local officials who could have been looking to fine drivers, impound cars or otherwise prevent Uber from operating, the employees said.
The system might have gone farther than suggested by Uber’s terms of service for app users. For example, it mined credit card information to see if the owner was affiliated with a credit union used by police and checked social media profiles to assess the likelihood that the person was in law enforcement.
After the Times exposed the program in March, regulators who had been unable to catch Uber in places where it was banned accused the company of obstructing their inquiries.
Transportation officials in Portland investigated and reported last week that Uber had used Greyball to evade 16 Portland bureau of transportation officials, denying them dozens of rides, in December 2014 before Uber was authorized to operate there.
The city said it found no evidence that the behavior was repeated when Uber re-entered the market in April 2015.
Uber said it used the Greyball technology in December 2014, while it was operating without approval, because it was “deeply concerned that its driver-partners would be penalized financially” or otherwise for their driving.