Archival ReportUsing Clinical Characteristics to Identify Which Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Have a Higher Genetic Load for Three Psychiatric Disorders
Section snippets
Sample
The sample consisted of 3331 unrelated participants (median year of birth 1967, range 1926–1994) of North European ancestry from the NESDA (Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety) (n = 1851) and from the NTR (Netherlands Twin Register) (n = 1480). The methodology of both NESDA and NTR and their biobank projects have been extensively described elsewhere (18, 19, 20). The genetic sample selection is identical to the one used by Milaneschi et al. (21).
In short, NESDA is an ongoing
Results
MDD cases (n = 1539) were older and more often female than were control subjects (n = 1792) (Table 1). Of the MDD cases, 70.5% had recurrent episodes. Chronic episodes (stage 4, lasting longer than 2 years) were experienced by 33% of those with a first and >40% of those with a recurrent episode.
Discussion
The current study examined whether the genetic risk for MDD, BIP, and SCZ is increased in phenotypically more homogenous MDD subgroups of patients stratified by clinical characteristics reflecting a more severe MDD phenotype and stratified by clinical MDD stages reflecting progression of MDD. The present findings showed that MDD cases with a younger AaO have a higher genetic load for BIP, and those with severe depression, as indexed by repeated measure of depressive symptoms, had higher genetic
Acknowledgments and Disclosures
The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) funding was obtained from the following: the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and MagW/ZonMW Grants Middelgroot-911-09-032 and Spinozapremie 56-464-14192; Center for Medical Systems Biology (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research Genomics); Genetic Influences on Stability and Change in Psychopathology From Childhood to Young Adulthood (Grant No. ZonMW 912-10-020);
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JV and YM are joint first authors.