What to Do If Someone’s Choking: Symptoms & First Aid Advice

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Co-authored by Laura Marusinec, MD

Last Updated: March 3, 2023 Approved

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Helping Someone Else

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Helping Yourself

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Witnessing someone choking can be a scary experience, but jumping into action can mean the difference between life and death. More often than not, choking happens when someone gets a piece of food (or another small object) stuck in their windpipe. The Heimlich maneuver can help you remove this foreign object and encourage the person to start breathing again. But how do you perform this life-saving action? Read on to learn the proper steps to rescue someone else (or yourself) from choking.

Note: This article covers adults and children over 1 year of age. For children under one year, see How to Do First Aid on a Choking Baby.

Method 1

Method 1 of 2:

Helping Someone Else

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1
Assess the situation. Make sure the person is choking and determine whether it is a partial or total airway obstruction. If a person is experiencing mild choking, or partial airway obstruction, you are better off letting him cough to remove the obstruction himself.
- Signs of partial airway obstruction include the ability to speak, cry out, cough or respond to you. The person will also usually be able to breathe, though it may be slightly labored and the person may grow pale in the face.^{[1]
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- In contrast, someone experiencing a total obstruction of the airway will not be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In addition, you may notice the person making the "choking sign" (both hands clutched to the throat) and his lips and fingernails may turn blue due to lack of oxygen.^{[2]
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2
Ask the person, "Are you choking?".^{[3]
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Research source} If the person can respond to you verbally, wait. Someone who is really choking will not be able to speak at all, but they may shake their head yes or no. It is important that you do not use back blows on a person who has partial airway obstruction because there is the risk of lodging the previously semi-loose object more deeply and potentially causing a total obstruction. If the person responds:
- Reassure the person. Let him know that you are there and ready to help if need be.
- Encourage the person to cough to try to clear the blockage. Do not use back blows.
- Keep monitoring the situation and be prepared to help in the case that the person's airway becomes fully blocked or the choking becomes severe.
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3
Administer first-aid. If the person is choking severely or suffering from a total airway obstruction and is conscious, communicate your intent to perform first aid. It's a good idea to make sure that someone who is conscious know what you plan to do; this will also give him an opportunity let you know if your assistance is welcomed.
- If you are the only person present who can help the person, perform the first aid described below before calling emergency services. If someone else is available, get him to call for assistance.^{[4]
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Give back blows. Note that the following instructions apply to a person sitting or standing.
- Stand behind the person and slightly off to one side. If you’re right-handed, stand to the left and if you’re left-handed, stand to the right.^{[5]
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- Support the person's chest with one hand and lean the person forward so that the object blocking his airway will exit his mouth (as opposed to going further down the throat).^{[6]
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- Administer up to 5 forceful blows between the person’s shoulder blades with the heel of your hand (between your palm and wrist). Pause after each blow to see if the blockage has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal thrusts (see below).^{[7]
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Administer abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver). The Heimlich maneuver is an emergency technique that is only to be used on adults or children older than 1 year of age. Do not use the Heimlich maneuver on children under 1 year old.^{[8]
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- Stand behind the choking victim.
- Put your arms around his waist and lean him forward.^{[9]
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- Make a fist with your hand and place it directly above the person's navel (belly button) but below the breastbone.^{[10]
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- Put your other hand on top of your first, then thrust both hands backwards into their stomach with a hard, upward movement.^{[11]
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- Do this thrusting action up to five times. Check after each thrust to see if the blockage is gone. Stop if the victim loses consciousness.^{[12]
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Place your hands higher than described above in the regular Heimlich maneuver technique. Your hands should be at the base of the breast bone, just above where the lowest ribs join. Press hard into the chest with quick thrusts as described above. However, you will not be able to make the same upward thrusts. Repeat until the person stops choking and the blockage is dislodged or he falls unconscious.^{[13]
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7
Make sure the object is completely gone. Once the airway is cleared, parts of the object that caused the person to choke can remain behind. If the person is able, ask the victim to spit it out and breathe without difficulty.
- Look to see if there is something blocking the airway. If there is, you can also do a sweep through the person's mouth with your finger. Only sweep if you see an object, otherwise you could push it further back.
Once the object is gone, most people will return to breathing normally. If normal breathing has not returned or if the person loses consciousness, move to the next step.
9
Administer help if the person falls unconscious. If a choking person falls unconscious, lower him on his back onto the floor. Then, clear the airway if possible. If you can see the blockage, take your finger and sweep it out of the throat and out through the mouth. Don't do a finger sweep if you don't see an object. Be careful not to inadvertently push the obstruction deeper into the airway.^{[14]
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- If the object remains lodged and the person does not regain consciousness or respond, check whether the victim is breathing. Place your cheek close to the person's mouth. For 10 seconds: Look to see if the chest is rising and falling, listen for breathing, and feel for the person's breath against your cheek.^{[15]
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- If the person is not breathing, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The chest compressions used in CPR may also dislodge the object.^{[16]
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- Send someone to dial emergency services or, if you are alone, call emergency services yourself and then return to help the person. Alternate between chest compressions, checking the airway, and performing rescue breathing while you wait for help to arrive.^{[17]
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  www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/2301.aspx?categoryid=72} Give 2 breaths after every 30 chest compressions.^{[18]
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  Mayo Clinic
  Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals
  
  Go to source} Remember to recheck the mouth repeatedly while administering CPR.
- There may be some resistance to chest inflation until the object is dislodged.
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Consult a physician. If after choking, the person experiences a persistent cough, any difficulty breathing or a feeling that something is still stuck in his throat, he should see a medical professional immediately.^{[19]
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- Abdominal thrusts can also cause internal injuries and bruising. If you used this tactic or performed CPR on another person, he should be checked out by a physician afterwards.^{[20]
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Method 2

Method 2 of 2:

Helping Yourself

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If you're alone and choking, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Even if you can't speak, most emergency services still send someone to check out all calls.^{[21]
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2
Perform the Heimlich maneuver on yourself. You may not be able to do this as forcefully as someone else, but you can still try to dislodge the item.^{[22]
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- Make a fist. Place it on your abdomen just above your navel.
- Hold that fist with your other hand.
- Bend over a chair, table, counter or other solid object.
- Drive your fist in and up as described above.
- Repeat until the object is removed or until assistance arrives.
- Make sure the object is completely gone. Try to spit out the object and any of its remnants.
3
Consult a physician. If you experience a persistent cough, any difficulty breathing or a feeling that something is still stuck in your throat, see a medical professional immediately.^{[23]
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- Abdominal thrusts can also cause serious injuries. If you have used this tactic on yourself, you should be examined by a physician afterwards.^{[24]
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What would you do for an elderly person with osteoporosis?

Jonas DeMuro, MD
Board Certified Critical Care Surgeon
Dr. DeMuro is a board certified Pediatric Critical Care Surgeon in New York. He received his MD from Stony Brook University School of Medicine in 1996. He completed his fellowship in Surgical Critical Care at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System and was a previous American College of Surgeons (ACS) Fellow.

Jonas DeMuro, MD

Board Certified Critical Care Surgeon

Expert Answer

You can do the Heimlich maneuver carefully, although there is a high risk of breaking some ribs in that situation. However, choking will kill the patient in a few minutes if not treated.

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